Deep cleaning in Lebanon: the complete guide

Why cleaning in Lebanon is harder than it looks

A Lebanese home or office faces a combination of conditions that make ordinary cleaning fall short. Fine dust and soot from traffic, construction and diesel generators settles on every surface and works its way into fabrics and air conditioning. Coastal humidity in summer and damp walls in winter feed mould in bathrooms, wardrobes and corners. Water arrives on a schedule and is stored in tanks, so cleaning often has to work with limited water. And power cuts interrupt vacuum cleaners, washing machines and dehumidifiers exactly when they are needed.

That is why a regular weekly clean, however careful, leaves layers behind: soot on curtain rails and AC grilles, grease on kitchen cabinet tops, limescale in showers, mould in tile grout, dust mites in mattresses and sofas. Deep cleaning is the periodic work that reaches those layers. This guide explains what it covers, how often it is worth doing in Lebanese conditions, how to do it safely, and how to judge a cleaning company.

The dust in Beirut is not just dust

Researchers at the American University of Beirut, led by atmospheric chemist Najat Saliba, measured air pollution in Beirut and concluded, as reported by The Guardian, Now Lebanon and others, that heavy reliance on diesel generators since the economic collapse has roughly doubled the risk of developing cancer in the city, with fine particulate levels around four times World Health Organization guidance in densely populated areas. The AUB Environment Academy's Samy Kayed has said diesel generator air pollution contains more than 40 toxic air contaminants, as reported by AP.

Much of that fine material ends up indoors, on windowsills, balcony furniture, AC filters, curtains and floors. For cleaning, that has practical consequences:

• Damp dusting, not dry dusting: a dry cloth or feather duster lifts fine particles back into the air; a slightly damp microfibre cloth captures them.
• HEPA vacuum cleaners: ordinary vacuums can blow the finest particles out through the exhaust; HEPA filtration keeps them in.
• Window and balcony seals: worn seals let soot in; cleaning tracks and replacing seals reduces how fast dust returns.
• AC filters and grilles: they collect what the air carries, and dirty filters recirculate it.
• Fabrics: curtains, sofas and rugs hold particles and need periodic washing or professional cleaning, not just shaking out on the balcony.

Cleaning, sanitising and disinfecting are not the same

US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance draws a clear line. Cleaning removes germs, dirt and impurities from surfaces; it does not kill germs, but by removing them it lowers their numbers and the risk of spreading infection. Disinfecting uses chemicals to kill germs on surfaces; it does not necessarily clean dirty surfaces, but killing germs on a surface after cleaning further lowers the risk. In practice:

1. Clean first with detergent and water to remove grease, dirt and biofilm.
2. Disinfect where it matters: toilets, sinks, kitchen surfaces, door handles, light switches and anything touched by someone ill.
3. Follow the label for dilution and contact time; a disinfectant wiped off immediately has not done its job.

Disinfecting a dirty surface is wasted effort, because grease and dirt protect the germs underneath.

Chemical safety: the rules that prevent accidents

The same CDC guidance warns never to mix household bleach with ammonia or any other cleanser. Mixing bleach with ammonia produces toxic vapours, and guidance based on the CDC's also lists bleach with vinegar, with rubbing alcohol and with other cleaning products among the combinations to avoid. Many descalers are acidic, so they belong on that list too. Rules every household and cleaning team should follow:

• Never mix products, and never use two products one after another on the same surface without rinsing in between.
• Ventilate while cleaning: open windows and run extraction fans when power allows.
• Use gloves, and eye protection for strong products and overhead work.
• Dilute exactly as the label says; stronger is not better and can damage surfaces and lungs.
• Keep products in their original labelled containers, never in water bottles.
• Store chemicals locked away from children, as the guidance recommends.
• Remake diluted bleach solutions daily, because they lose strength.

Types of cleaning and what each one covers

Regular cleaning

Weekly or more frequent: floors, surfaces, bathrooms, kitchen, bins, dusting of reachable surfaces. It keeps a home or office pleasant, but it does not reach inside, behind or above. Power Zone's regular residential, commercial and janitorial cleaning service covers this.

Deep cleaning

A top-to-bottom clean that moves furniture and appliances, cleans inside cabinets and appliances, degreases kitchens, descales bathrooms, treats mould, cleans AC grilles, light fittings, skirting boards, doors and frames, and washes windows inside and out. In Lebanese conditions, twice a year is a sensible minimum for homes, with an extra deep clean after renovation, after illness in the household, or before moving in.

Post-renovation cleaning

Construction leaves fine cement and gypsum dust everywhere, paint splashes, grout haze on tiles, adhesive on glass and debris in drains. It needs specific methods and products, and it is often the difference between a renovation that looks finished and one that never quite does.

Move-in and move-out cleaning

An empty home is the best moment to clean properly: inside every cupboard, behind where the fridge and cooker stood, inside the oven, all the tiles and grout, and the tanks and filters. For a tenant leaving, it is also the clean that decides how the handover goes.

Sanitisation

Targeted disinfection after illness, a pest infestation, flooding or sewage back-up, using the right products and contact times, after cleaning.

Our deep cleaning and interior sanitisation service covers deep, post-renovation, move-in, move-out and sanitisation work.

Room by room: the deep cleaning checklist

Kitchen

• Degrease cabinet fronts and tops, tiles and the wall behind the cooker.
• Clean the extractor hood and soak or replace its filters.
• Clean inside the oven, the hob and under the burners.
• Pull out the fridge and cooker and clean behind and under them.
• Empty and clean inside cupboards and drawers.
• Descale the sink, taps and kettle; clean the drain and trap.
• Clean inside the microwave, the dishwasher filter and seals.

Bathrooms

• Descale showers, taps, shower heads and glass screens.
• Treat mould in grout and silicone, and replace silicone that is stained through.
• Clean behind and around the toilet, including the base and hinges.
• Clean extractor fans and vents.
• Clean floor drains and check they are not dry, to stop sewer smells.

Bedrooms and living areas

• Vacuum mattresses and sofas with HEPA filtration; professional steam or extraction cleaning where needed.
• Wash or professionally clean curtains.
• Clean on top of wardrobes, under beds and behind furniture.
• Wipe light fittings, switches, door handles, frames and skirting boards.
• Clean AC grilles and wash or replace filters.

Windows, balconies and entrances

• Wash windows inside and out, frames and tracks.
• Clean sliding door tracks and replace worn seals.
• Scrub balcony floors and drains, wash balcony furniture.
• Clean the entrance door, intercom and letterbox area.

Mould: why it keeps coming back

The World Health Organization's guidelines for indoor air quality on dampness and mould conclude that the most important health effects of building moisture and mould are increased respiratory symptoms, allergies and asthma, and that the most important means of avoiding these effects is preventing or minimising persistent dampness and microbial growth on interior surfaces and in building structures. In other words, mould is a moisture problem first and a cleaning problem second.

In Lebanese homes, the usual moisture sources are leaking pipes in walls, failed bathroom waterproofing, roof and facade leaks, condensation on cold walls in winter, humid summer air in rooms that are closed up, and washing dried indoors without ventilation. Cleaning mould without fixing the moisture only buys a few weeks. The right sequence is:

1. Find and fix the moisture source: leak, waterproofing, condensation or ventilation.
2. Clean the mould from hard surfaces with appropriate products, wearing gloves and a mask, with ventilation.
3. Remove and replace materials that mould has penetrated, such as stained silicone, swollen plaster or soaked gypsum board.
4. Dry the area thoroughly and keep it ventilated.
5. Repaint with suitable paint only once the wall is dry.

Painting over mould hides it for a season and traps the moisture behind the paint. Our leak detection and waterproofing services fix the cause; our Beirut plumbing guide explains where leaks hide in Beirut buildings.

Cleaning with limited water

When water arrives on a schedule and tanks run low, cleaning has to be planned around water rather than the other way round. Practical habits that work in Lebanese buildings:

• Clean on supply days for jobs that need a lot of water, such as balconies, bathrooms and floors throughout.
• Use the two-bucket method for floors: one bucket with detergent, one for rinsing the mop, so less water is wasted and dirty water is not spread around.
• Microfibre over rinsing: good microfibre cloths remove dirt with far less water than sponges and rinse cycles.
• Spray-and-wipe for surfaces instead of buckets.
• Steam cleaning for grout, upholstery and kitchens uses little water and needs no rinsing, when power is available.
• Never clean with water you would not drink on food surfaces; tanker water of unknown quality is for floors and balconies, not chopping boards.

Clean tanks matter for cleaning too: water drawn from a dirty tank leaves residue and smells behind. Our water tank cleaning guide explains what Lebanese studies found in household tanks.

Cleaning around the power schedule

Vacuum cleaners, steam machines, washing machines, dryers and dehumidifiers draw heavy loads, and on a 5-ampere generator subscription they cannot all run at once. Plan machine-heavy tasks for state electricity hours where possible, run one heavy appliance at a time on generator power, and use battery-powered tools for light work. Professional teams should bring equipment rated for the supply available and ask about the building's power schedule before the job, so the work is not stopped halfway. Our generators and backup power guide explains amperage and loads.

Sofas, mattresses, carpets and curtains

Fabrics hold dust, soot, skin flakes, spills and odours, and in humid months they dry slowly, which encourages mould and smells. Professional cleaning methods include hot water extraction for carpets and many sofas, low-moisture cleaning for delicate fabrics, steam for mattresses, and dry cleaning for curtains that cannot be washed. In Lebanon's humidity, the drying stage matters as much as the cleaning: a sofa left damp overnight in a closed room smells worse than before. Good practice is to clean on dry days, open windows, run fans or AC in dry mode, and avoid sitting on or covering fabrics until they are fully dry. See our carpet, sofa and upholstery cleaning service.

Air conditioning units and grilles

Split units and ducted grilles collect the fine dust and soot of Lebanese cities and the moisture of the coast. Dirty filters reduce airflow and recirculate dust; slime in drain pans causes musty smells. Deep cleaning should include washing or replacing filters, wiping grilles and louvres, and checking that condensate drains run freely. Full internal cleaning of coils and blowers is a technical job best done during an AC service.

Post-renovation cleaning in detail

Renovation dust is finer and more stubborn than household dust. Cement and gypsum particles settle in cupboards, on top of doors, inside light fittings and in AC units, and they scratch surfaces if wiped dry. A proper post-renovation clean:

1. Removes debris and packaging, and vacuums every surface with HEPA filtration before any wet cleaning.
2. Cleans from top to bottom: ceilings, light fittings, tops of doors and cupboards, walls, then floors last.
3. Removes paint splashes and adhesive from glass, frames and tiles with the right tools and solvents.
4. Removes grout haze from tiles with a suitable cleaner, without damaging the grout.
5. Cleans inside every cupboard and drawer, and inside new appliances.
6. Flushes drains of debris and checks floor drains and traps.
7. Cleans or replaces AC filters that ran during the works.

Moving in and moving out

For a tenant moving out, a thorough clean protects the relationship with the landlord and avoids arguments over the condition of the apartment. For a new occupant, cleaning before furniture arrives means every surface can be reached once. A move-in clean should include inside all cupboards and wardrobes, inside the oven and fridge, behind where appliances stood, all tiles and grout, windows and tracks, AC filters, bathroom extraction, and, in Lebanon, a check of the water tank and kitchen filter.

Homes closed for months: summer houses and expatriate apartments

Many Lebanese families own mountain homes used in summer, and many expatriates keep apartments that stand empty most of the year. A closed home gathers dust, damp and pests. Before using it again: ventilate for a day, clean and disinfect bathrooms and the kitchen, wash bedding and curtains, check for mould behind furniture and in wardrobes, clean AC filters before running units, flush taps and the water heater, and inspect for pest activity. A deep clean timed a few days before arrival means the family walks into a home that is ready.

Offices and shared buildings

Offices concentrate touch points: door handles, lift buttons, keyboards, phones, pantry surfaces and washrooms. A good office programme combines daily cleaning of these points with periodic deep cleans of carpets, chairs, blinds and kitchens. In residential buildings, common areas such as entrances, stairs, lifts and refuse rooms set the standard for the whole building and are often where pests and smells start. Clear schedules agreed with the building committee, and a log that residents can see, keep shared spaces clean and settle arguments about who did what.

Balconies: the room Lebanese homes live in

For many Lebanese families the balcony is a living room, a laundry, a store and a garden at once. It also catches the most soot, dust and pigeon droppings in the home. A balcony deep clean covers the floor and its drain, the railing and glass, the underside of the awning, plant pots and the saucers that hold standing water for mosquitoes, outdoor furniture and cushions, and the AC outdoor unit's surroundings. Pigeon droppings deserve care: they should be wetted before removal rather than swept dry, and cleaned up with gloves and a mask. Keeping balcony drains clear also prevents water from backing up into the apartment during winter storms.

Kitchens in Lebanese homes

Lebanese home cooking is generous: frying, grilling, long simmering and baking all leave grease and moisture in the air, and many kitchens have small extractors or none at all. The result is a sticky film on cabinet tops, the ceiling above the cooker, light fittings and the walls, which traps dust and soot and attracts cockroaches. A kitchen deep clean focuses on degreasing high surfaces, the extractor and its filters, behind and under the cooker and fridge, inside cupboards, and the sink drain, with an alkaline degreaser rinsed off properly. Improving extraction, even a simple fan vented outside, reduces how quickly the film comes back.

Laundry, drying indoors and damp

Drying clothes indoors adds a surprising amount of moisture to an apartment, and in winter, with windows closed and heating limited by power cuts, that moisture condenses on cold walls and feeds mould behind wardrobes and in corners. Where possible, dry laundry on the balcony or in a ventilated room, open windows briefly every day, keep wardrobes a few centimetres away from external walls, and leave wardrobe doors ajar occasionally. These small habits cut mould far more than any cleaning product.

Building entrances, stairs and lifts

The entrance and stairwell are the first thing visitors and buyers see, and in many Beirut buildings they are cleaned less often than any apartment. A building deep clean covers the lobby floor and walls, mailboxes and intercoms, stair treads and handrails, lift cabins and doors, light fittings in stairwells, refuse rooms and the areas around bins. Refuse rooms in particular need regular washing and disinfection to control smells, flies and rodents. Building committees that schedule this quarterly, and share the schedule with residents, see fewer complaints and fewer pests.

What a professional deep clean visit looks like

1. Survey: a walk-through to agree the scope room by room, note delicate surfaces such as marble and wood, and identify mould, grease or stains needing special treatment.
2. Preparation: protecting floors and furniture, moving items, and agreeing which rooms can be accessed when.
3. Top to bottom: ceilings, fittings and high surfaces first, then walls and furniture, floors last, so dust falls onto areas not yet cleaned.
4. Dry before wet: HEPA vacuuming before wet cleaning, so fine dust is removed rather than turned into a paste.
5. Specialist tasks: degreasing, descaling, mould treatment, upholstery and carpet cleaning.
6. Disinfection where it matters: bathrooms, kitchen surfaces and high-touch points, after cleaning, with correct contact time.
7. Inspection: a final walk-through with the client against the checklist, and a re-clean of anything missed.

Pets and cleaning

Pets add hair, dander, odours and occasional accidents, and they are sensitive to many cleaning products. Use pet-safe products where possible, keep pets out of rooms while floors and surfaces dry, clean pet beds and blankets regularly, and treat urine with enzyme cleaners rather than bleach, which does not remove the odour that brings pets back to the same spot. Tell a cleaning company in advance about pets in the home so products and timing can be adjusted.

Protecting the result

A deep clean lasts longer when a few habits follow it: door mats inside and outside the entrance, shoes off indoors, damp dusting weekly, AC filters checked monthly in summer, bathroom fans or windows used after showers, kitchen extractor on while cooking, and quick attention to leaks and spills. With soot, humidity and dust working against every Lebanese home, these habits decide whether the next deep clean is a refresh or a rescue.

Cleaning for sale or rent: first impressions

An apartment shown to buyers or tenants is judged in the first minute, and in Lebanon the things people notice are exactly the ones that ordinary cleaning misses: grey soot on window frames, grease on kitchen cabinet tops, mould in bathroom grout, limescale on taps, and a musty smell from closed rooms or dirty AC units. A deep clean before photographs and viewings, with windows washed inside and out, grout and silicone refreshed, AC filters cleaned and the balcony scrubbed, often does more for the first impression than new furniture.

Restaurants, cafés and food businesses

In a food business, cleaning is food safety. Daily cleaning of food contact surfaces, equipment and floors, cleaning of storage areas and fridges, and a deep clean of the kitchen at regular intervals are the basics. Grease is the enemy: it builds up on extraction hoods, ducts, walls behind cooking lines, floor drains and grease traps, and it feeds both fires and pests. Kitchen exhaust and grease trap cleaning are specialist jobs; our kitchen hood and exhaust duct cleaning and grease trap cleaning services cover them, and our kitchen exhaust and grease trap guide explains why they matter.

Clinics, nurseries and schools

Where children, patients or vulnerable people are present, cleaning schedules need to be stricter and better documented. That means separate cloths and mops for toilets and for other areas, disinfection of high-touch points on a schedule, products chosen for low fumes and used with ventilation, cleaning outside occupied hours where possible, and records that managers can show to parents or inspectors. After an outbreak of stomach illness or a respiratory infection, a sanitisation visit that follows cleaning with correct disinfection and contact times is the responsible step.

After a flood, sewage back-up or pest infestation

Flood water and sewage carry bacteria and leave damp that feeds mould. Cleaning after such an event follows a strict order: stop the source, remove standing water, remove soaked materials that cannot be dried and cleaned, clean all affected surfaces with detergent, disinfect, then dry thoroughly with ventilation and, when power allows, fans and dehumidifiers. After a pest infestation, cleaning removes droppings, egg cases and food residues that attract pests back, and should be coordinated with the pest control treatment so cleaning does not wipe away baits. See our pest and rodent control service.

Facades, glass and high-rise windows

Beirut's soot settles on facades and windows as a grey film that rain alone does not remove. High-rise window and facade cleaning is skilled work at height and must be done with proper access equipment, trained technicians, anchor points and safety systems. Never let anyone clean outside windows from a balcony railing or a ledge. Our facade and rope access cleaning service covers buildings that need professional access.

How often should you deep clean in Lebanon?

These are practical recommendations, not regulatory requirements; heavy use, pets, smokers and allergy sufferers in the household all justify more frequent cleaning.

Allergies, asthma and indoor air

For households with allergy or asthma sufferers, cleaning is part of managing symptoms. The WHO's dampness and mould guidelines link indoor dampness and mould with respiratory symptoms, allergies and asthma. Useful measures include controlling damp and mould, HEPA vacuuming of floors, mattresses and sofas, washing bedding regularly at high temperature, reducing clutter and soft furnishings that hold dust, keeping AC filters clean, and choosing fragrance-free products where strong scents trigger symptoms.

Products: what works on Lebanese surfaces

• Marble and natural stone: common in Lebanese homes; acidic cleaners etch it, so use neutral pH products and avoid vinegar and lemon.
• Limescale: hard and salty water leaves scale on taps, showers and glass; descalers work, but keep them off marble and never mix them with bleach.
• Grease: alkaline degreasers cut kitchen grease; rinse well and keep them off aluminium and painted surfaces.
• Wood: damp, not wet; dry immediately.
• Stainless steel: clean along the grain with a suitable cleaner, never with steel wool.
• Glass: microfibre and a suitable glass cleaner; a squeegee for large panes.

Common cleaning mistakes

Dry dusting in a city full of soot

It moves fine particles into the air instead of removing them.

Painting over mould

It hides the problem and traps the moisture.

Mixing products for a stronger effect

It is dangerous and the guidance is clear: never mix bleach with ammonia or other cleansers.

Disinfecting without cleaning

Grease and dirt shelter germs from the disinfectant.

Leaving fabrics damp

In humid months, damp sofas and carpets develop smells and mould.

Ignoring the AC and the tank

A clean room with dirty AC filters and a dirty tank does not stay clean for long.

How to choose a cleaning company in Lebanon

• A registered company: ask for the company's registration and who is responsible if something is damaged.
• Trained, supervised staff: ask who supervises the team on site and how quality is checked.
• A written checklist: what will be cleaned, room by room, and what is excluded.
• Products and safety: which products are used, how they are diluted, and how children and pets are protected.
• Equipment: HEPA vacuums, extraction machines and steam cleaners, rated for the power available.
• A re-clean policy: what happens if something is missed.
• Related services: a company that can also fix the leak behind the mould, clean the tank and treat pests saves coordinating three suppliers.

Cleaning in Lebanon with Power Zone and the Zone 15 legacy

Power Zone operates in Lebanon from its office in Mneimneh Building, 5th Floor, Verdun, Beirut, as Power Zone s.a.r.l, registered at the Commercial Register in Beirut and with the Ministry of Finance under registration No. 4090537. In Lebanon, Power Zone builds on Zone 15, the cleaning services brand many Lebanese clients already know at zonefifteen.com; Power Zone and Zone 15 are one business family under the same management, as our About page explains.

Our cleaning services include regular residential and commercial cleaning, deep cleaning and sanitisation, carpet, sofa and upholstery cleaning and facade and rope access cleaning, alongside water tank cleaning and pest control. Every job follows the same path: your request, a site visit, a clear quotation you approve before work starts, the work itself, and handover with a checklist. Request a visit.

Frequently asked questions

How often should a home be deep cleaned in Lebanon?

At least twice a year, typically before summer and before winter. Homes near construction or heavy traffic benefit from a deep clean every three to four months, and any home needs one after renovation, flooding, illness or a pest infestation.

What is the difference between cleaning and disinfecting?

According to CDC guidance, cleaning removes germs, dirt and impurities from surfaces, lowering their numbers, while disinfecting uses chemicals to kill germs. Clean first, then disinfect where it matters, because dirt shelters germs from disinfectants.

Can I mix bleach with other cleaning products?

No. CDC-based guidance says never mix household bleach with ammonia or any other cleanser. Bleach with ammonia produces toxic vapours, and bleach with vinegar, rubbing alcohol or other products is also on the list of combinations to avoid.

Why does mould keep coming back after cleaning?

Because the moisture source is still there. WHO's dampness and mould guidelines emphasise preventing persistent dampness. Fix the leak, waterproofing, condensation or ventilation first, then clean and dry the area.

Is painting over mould enough?

No. Paint hides the mould for a while and traps moisture behind it. Fix the moisture, clean, replace penetrated materials, dry the wall, then repaint.

Why is there black dust on my windowsills in Beirut?

Much of it is soot from traffic, construction and diesel generators. AUB researchers found fine particulate levels around four times WHO guidance in dense areas of Beirut. Damp dusting and HEPA vacuuming remove it without spreading it into the air.

How should I dust in a city with so much soot?

Use a slightly damp microfibre cloth instead of dry dusting, which lifts fine particles back into the air, and vacuum with HEPA filtration.

What does post-renovation cleaning include?

Debris removal, HEPA vacuuming before wet cleaning, cleaning from top to bottom, removing paint splashes and adhesive, removing grout haze, cleaning inside cupboards and appliances, flushing drains and cleaning AC filters.

How do I clean when water is limited?

Plan water-heavy jobs for supply days, use the two-bucket method and microfibre cloths, spray-and-wipe for surfaces, and steam cleaning when power allows. Do not use tanker water of unknown quality on food surfaces.

How do I prepare a closed summer house before using it?

Ventilate, clean and disinfect bathrooms and kitchen, wash bedding and curtains, check for mould, clean AC filters, flush taps and the water heater, and inspect for pests. A deep clean a few days before arrival is ideal.

How should sofas and carpets be cleaned in humid weather?

Clean on dry days, ventilate, use fans or AC in dry mode, and keep fabrics uncovered until fully dry, because damp fabrics develop smells and mould.

Which products are safe for marble?

Neutral pH cleaners. Acidic products such as vinegar, lemon and many descalers etch marble and natural stone.

What should I do after a flood or sewage back-up?

Stop the source, remove standing water and soaked materials that cannot be cleaned, clean all surfaces with detergent, disinfect, then dry thoroughly with ventilation and fans or dehumidifiers when power allows.

How do I choose a cleaning company in Lebanon?

Look for a registered company with supervised, trained staff, a written room-by-room checklist, safe products and dilutions, proper equipment, a re-clean policy, and the ability to fix the causes, such as leaks and pests.

Is Power Zone connected to Zone 15?

Yes. Power Zone and Zone 15 are one business family under the same management. In Lebanon, Power Zone builds on Zone 15, the cleaning services brand many clients already know.

How do I book a deep clean with Power Zone?

Send a request through the contact page or WhatsApp with the size and type of the space. We arrange a visit and send a clear quotation for your approval before work starts.

Sources

• KAUST Health, Safety and Environment: CDC-based home cleaning and disinfection guidance, including never mixing bleach with ammonia or other cleaners
• NYC City News Service: CDC distinction between cleaning and disinfecting, and bleach safety
• Havre Daily News: CDC disinfecting guidance and combinations not to mix
• Great Bend Tribune: cleaning, sanitising and disinfecting, and safe storage of chemicals
• World Health Organization: Guidelines for indoor air quality, dampness and mould (2009)
• WHO Regional Office for Europe: dampness and mould guidelines, executive summary
• Now Lebanon: AUB research on diesel generators and cancer risk in Beirut
• Environmental Health News: summary of The Guardian's report on the AUB study
• AP via Scripps News: diesel generator emissions contain more than 40 toxic air contaminants